Empirical/Data-Analytic Confirmation of Supersymmetry, Strings and D-branes: the Superpartner as Dark Matter with Consideration to Inflation Due to Experimentation

Empirical/Data-Analytic Confirmation of Supersymmetry, Strings and D-branes: the Superpartner as Dark Matter with Consideration to Inflation Due to Experimentation Abstract: Superparticles including gravitons appearing in the laboratory due to a novel technique (Tahan, 2011, 2012) meant that the gravitino exists, concluded to have a low mass consequently requiring this affirmative presentation and deeply solves the greatest mystery in cosmology: read on that here from the Harvard University Center for Astrophysics. A low mass gravitino would not have been problematic related to Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and baryogenes is if understanding a correlation between inflation and gravitino abundance (Ellis, Linde, & Nanopoulos, 1982), particularly when considering the particle to be dark matter and the lightest supersymmetric
particle or superparticle (LSP). Gravitinos–proposed by this paper to be in the fifth dimension as dark matter–subsist because of inflation. This manuscript is a first discussion of the gravitino based on experimentation. A novel technique that led to the observations of superpartner including graviton effects in the lab forced the need to present declaratively the existence of the gravitino, only speculative presentations being in the literature, and to propose anew how the low mass gravitino can exist as dark matter particularly in consideration of inflation, which has been appreciated as part of the history of the Cosmos though a specific particle related to it has not been observed. Since only inflation would have permitted an acceptable gravitino abundance in keeping with visualizations of the Universe (Khlopov & Linde, 1984), the superpartner dark matter that accompanies the graviton can be acknowledged as a representative particle for it. Experienced readers could understand this work to be partly a review; yet, what should be remembered is that this manuscript is not a compendium regarding the gravitino but is focused on and exists due to the innovative Figure 1 method. Considering a varied readership due to interests in topics of this paper, well-recognized ideas to physicists are provided occasionally to improve understanding of information gathered experimentally. References are presented if related to what has been learned from experimentation; accordingly, certain readers may notice the omission of well-known citations that may have little connection to the experiments or have not been included since the works do not add significantly in relation to references already presented for the understanding of how the innovation can advance particular disciplines, e.g. dark matter studies. Experiments were conducted to test the affects of low frequency quanta on Hydrogen in a magnetic field. From set-ups energy that imparted mass (mass-energy) emerged that could be directed over distances while adhering to the inverse square law, hinting at the possibility that the mass-energy was due to gravitons. Support for the emergence of the carrier graviton was observed when laser light was incorporated in the set-up for experiments as shown in Figure 1. The laser light should be appreciated not to have been part of the symmetry breaking technique but simply an addition of light to the set-up to understand if gravitons were emerging. The thought was that an increased bending of spacetime due to released gravitons from the Hydrogen area in the tube could change the path of the light traveling in spacetime–as with the bending of light by celestial bodies–because spacetime is ubiquitous, not only outside of the atmosphere of the Earth. The light was recorded to curve around the tube holding the Hydrogen while a D-brane with an open string for the laser light appeared, which demonstrated that strings including the graviton exist thereby showing string theory to be a unifying theory (Tahan, 2011). The curving of the laser light resulted from gravitons having coupled to the tube, which consequently sufficiently bent spacetime due to additional mass from the mass-energy carrier gravitons. Based on the theoretical work for supergravity, the gravitino should be understood to exist due to the recorded effects of gravitons in the laboratory–the superpartner being well-accepted by scholars to accompany the boson graviton. Various control trials were performed to understand if the appearance of the D-brane that nearly mirrored images from literature of D-branes with open strings could be explained differently. No other conclusion in view of the set-up seemed reasonable, testable hypotheses resulting in being unacceptable. 1.1 Introduction Consideration of the gravitino as dark matter (Pagels & Primack, 1982) including in relation to inflation is unoriginal, as well as presenting the gravitino to be the LSP (Khlopov & Linde, 1984; Bolz, Buchmüller, & Plümacher, 1998; Moroi, Murayama, & Yamaguchi, 1993); numerous other references could have been included since the gravitino has been well-studied theoretically, particularly as a dark matter particle. But the gravitino has never been known to exist. Various collider experiments have presented no evidence for supersymmetry, which would exclude the gravitino as dark matter particularly if superparticles are never detected when believing colliders to be the only means to study supersymmetry. Still, before the lack of supersymmetry evidence the gravitino had lost favor as a dark matter candidate, initially due to the gravitino problem (Weinberg, 1982). The Figure 1 technique allowing for examinations of supergravity permits conclusions no longer simply to be conceptual; this manuscript is unique since it discusses the gravitino as a reality. The facile, inexpensive method that allowed for symmetry breaking on the lab bench could permit direct studies of the gravitino, including other superparticles and strings. Through experiments the nucleon was understood to be a brane that will be discussed in greater detail in upcoming manuscripts. The brane structure allowed for the picturing of a separation between the Standard Model visible sector and the underlying region of superparticles including the graviton. Accordingly, the symmetry breaking due to the Figure 1 method supported gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking (GMSB). In other words, by exposing Hydrogen in a specific magnetic field strength to particular low frequency quanta at a set amplitude, i.e. the Figure 1 technique, the underlying sector of superpartners was accessible through the quantized gauge field or SU(3) Yang-Mills theory: the Figure 1 method creating a symmetry breaking (Tahan, 2012) involving QCD. Experiments resulting in exposure of the Standard Model visible sector to superparticles including gravitons through GMSB meant that the gravitino should have a low mass. After learning that a calculated mass for the Higgs boson using events involving the Figure 1 technique (Tahan, 2012) was not significantly different from synchrotron detections if the Standard Model Higgs boson has been found (Incandela, 2012; Gianotti, 2012), the gravitino mass was appreciated should not be over 1keV, in consideration of theoretical work indicating that gravitinos would have overclosed the Universe otherwise (Cho & Uehara, 2004) — accepting the superpartner to be the LSP thereby preventing problems for BBN. Gravitinos being light supersymmetric particles would suggest the bodies to be dark matter (Takayama & Yamaguchi, 2000; Giudice & Rattazzi, 1999). Accordingly, superparticles can have sub-TeV masses while the gravitino can have a sub-keV mass (Albaid & Babu, 2012), considerations that impelled this manuscript primarily since a sub-keV gravitino is not the consensus among scholars for the main dark matter candidate. Yet, other mass considerations will be mentioned in this manuscript for historical context and possibly for use by groups in future studies. This paper does not suggest that scholars had stopped considering the gravitino in relation to the Cosmos. Though the gravitino grew less popular as a dark matter candidate, the influence of the superpartner also as the LSP has continued to be examined including for the particle make-up of the Universe, e.g. having impacted cosmic Lithium abundances (Bailly, Jedamzik, & Moultaka, 2009). Emergence of the gravitino has been connected to baryogenesis (Trodden, 2004). Association of the superparticle with baryogenesis has been studied in detail, presentations having been nearly complete explanations with supersymmetry for baryogenesis and leptogenesis (Buchmüller, 1998). This manuscript can be included in discussions to bring nearer to completion work on baryogenesis since a problem in the field has been inclusion of the gravitino in view of its mass, i.e. uncertainty leading to theoretical studies with varied mass considerations as <1 keV or on the TeV level (Buchmüller, 1998). Accordingly, this manuscript as a confirmation of the existence of the gravitino should be understood necessary, events related to a low mass gravitino potentially answering multiple questions in the Cosmos. This work thus continues with an explanation of how the low mass gravitino can exist in the Universe, which involves inflation–existence of gravitino dark matter to have been a consequence of it. Discussion will include the potential influence entropy has had on the superparticle, particularly in relation to black holes due to observations of black hole evaporations in the laboratory (Tahan, 2011). The possible existence of primordial black holes as dark matter will be mentioned before describing the Figure 1 technique as a viable option for supersymmetry and string studies and concluding by reiterating certain observations from experiments, significant as contributions to explanations for the landscape of the Universe – presented by this manuscript to be a 2-brane.